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Culture of Karachi

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The cultural history of Karachi dates back at least five thousand years to the rise of the Indus Valley Civilization in the third millennium BC.[citation needed] The early culture was mostly predominantly Neolithic, characterised by the widespread use of small tools and semi-precious stones. The numerous megalithic Arab graves found around Karachi suggest significant megalithic activity from the Arabian Peninsula.[1]

History of Karachi

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Main article: History of Karachi
Part of the town of Karachi, with mud houses; camels and villagers in foreground. April 1851

Historians called Karachi Krokola, which literally means "a place of crocodile worship". Around 1558, Karachi was a conglomerate of about 24 fishing villages called Kolachi or Kalati. This small settlement became wealthy when Seth Bhoju Mal laid the foundation of a small township on the left bank of Lyari River in 1729. During 1793, princes from the Kalhora dynasty viewed the harbour as a way to gain profits. Later, in 1839, the British captured the Manora Fort, thereby putting the town under British rule.[2]

The modern port city of Karachi was developed by authorities of the British Raj in the 19th century. Upon the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the city was selected to become the national capital, and was settled by Muslim Urdu-speaking Mohajirs (اردو مہاجر قوم, creators of Pakistan) at the time of the independence, which boosted both the population and economy.

Heritage

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The cultural heritage of Karachi after 1947 is that of the Muhajir community of Urdu-speaking (اردو مہاجر قوم) and their Urdu language, clothes (کرتا پاجامہ شیروانی), education and foods (Nihari, Biryani, Kabab, Nihari; نہاری, بریانی, کباب, حلیم).

Its earlier heritage includes the story of the Kalachi-Jo-Kunn (whirlpool of Kalachi), in which Moriro performed a feat of strength by killing a monstrous shark that killed all six of his brothers as they were fishing.[citation needed]

A number of cultural sites in and around Karachi testify to the glorious past of Karachi. In recent years, the Sindhi population in the city has surged.

WAGU DARR, earthen cavity for the living of a crocodile, is located at the coastal village of Chashma Goth near Korangi. A natural sweet water spring flows perennially past this site. It is also a crocodile worship center besides Manghopir where people offer meat to the crocodiles and bathe in hot and cold sulphuric springs to treat skin diseases. The ruins of RATO KOT are located in the Korangi Creek. This fort is thought to have been a contemporary settlement of Debal's port (sometimes called Bhambhore) conquered by Mohammad Bin Qasim in 712 AD. Baked earthen balls used in mechanically-driven cannons, shards, glazed tiles, and other artifacts are found scattered on the site. The Chokandi graveyard, a protected monument of the 17th— 18th century, and BALOCH TOMBS near Memon Goth of Malir exhibit monumental structures of stone-carved graves.

MOKHI-MATARA (named after the folklore story) is another cultural site situated on the top of Narathar Hill near Gadap and located on an ancient route emanating from ancient Debal port to Central Asia. The folklore of Mokhi-Matara is also sung by Sindh's greatest poet, Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai.[3]

Language

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Historically, Sindhi and Balochi were spoken by the native population before the British conquest in 1843 by Charles James Napier. During British rule, many Gujarati and Parsi business families as well as Christian Goans bureaucrats migrated from Bombay Presidency to Karachi, as it was being developed as a major port. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Muslim (Muhajirs) migrated to Karachi. The vast majority of Muhajirs spoke Urdu. Today, Karachi is a predominantly Urdu-speaking (Muhajir) city with many other languages also spoken in the city. The Pashtuns (Pakhtuns or Pathans), originally from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan, are now the city's second largest ethnic group in Karachi after Muhajirs.[4][5] As high as 7,000,000 people by some estimates, the city of Karachi in Pakistan has the largest concentration of urban Pakhtun population in the world, including 50,000 registered Afghan refugees in the city.[6] The current demographic ratio has 12% of people who are Pashtuns.[7]

Religion

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Main article: Religion in Karachi
Religions in Karachi[8][9][10][11]
Religions Per cent
Islam
 
 96.45%
Christianity
 
 2.42%
Hinduism
 
 0.86%
Others
 
 0.27%
Religious groups in Karachi City (1872−2017)[a]
Religious
group 		1872[13] 1881[14] 1891[15] 1901[16][17] 1911[18][19] 1921[20][21] 1931[22][23] 1941[12] 2017[24]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 33,018 55.81% 38,946 52.94% 52,957 50.34% 60,003 51.43% 74,075 48.76% 100,436 46.31% 122,847 46.61% 162,447 42.01% 14,382,744 96.63%
Hinduism 23,157 39.14% 24,617 33.47% 44,503 42.3% 48,169 41.29% 66,038 43.47% 100,683 46.42% 120,595 45.76% 192,831 49.87% 156,452 1.05%
Christianity 2,223 3.76% 4,161 5.66% 5,986 5.69% 6,098 5.23% 7,936 5.22% 9,649 4.45% 12,765 4.84% 11,088 2.87% 329,702 2.22%
Zoroastrianism 748 1.26% 937 1.27% 1,375 1.31% 1,823 1.56% 2,165 1.43% 2,702 1.25% 3,334 1.26% — — — —
Judaism 7 0.01% — — 128 0.12% 349 0.3% 535 0.35% 645 0.3% 943 0.36% — — — —
Jainism 4 0.01% 9 0.01% 99 0.09% 125 0.11% 647 0.43% 1,118 0.52% 629 0.24% 3,214 0.83% — —
Tribal 0 0% — — 32 0.03% 0 0% 0 0% 4 0% 135 0.05% — — — —
Sikhism 0 0% — — 0 0% 0 0% — — 1,425 0.66% 2,254 0.86% 5,835 1.51% — —
Buddhism 0 0% — — 0 0% 0 0% — — 41 0.02% 53 0.02% — — — —
Ahmadiyya — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8,751 0.06%
Others 0 0% 4,890 6.65% 119 0.11% 96 0.08% 507 0.33% 180 0.08% 10 0% 11,240 2.91% 6,753 0.05%
Total population 59,157 100% 73,560 100% 105,199 100% 116,663 100% 151,903 100% 216,883 100% 263,565 100% 386,655 100% 14,884,402 100%

Literature

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Poetry has close connections to Pakistani culture. Karachi boasts a large community of intellectuals who come together in designated open spaces to share their talent in poetry events known as mushairas in the local language. Many intellectuals and aspiring poets from all over the nation travel to Karachi, hoping to find better work opportunities in the city.

Notable poets include Ishrat Afreen, a Pakistani feminist and a prominent poet. Afreen recently launched her second Urdu poetry collection under the name "Dhoop apnay hissay ki".[25]

Mustansar Hussain Tarar, recently released a collection of short stories after switching from poetry to writing fiction, entitled "Pandra Kahaniyan".

Ahfazur Rahman, a non-fiction Karachi writer, received praise on his book Sab Say Bari Jang.[26]

Arts

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National Academy of Performing Arts

Art academies, arenas and festivals

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Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The National Academy of Performing Arts[27] is located in the newly renovated Hindu Gymkhana. The All Pakistan Music Conference, linked to the 45-year-old similar institution in Lahore, has been holding its Annual Music Festival since its inception in 2004. The festival is considered to be a prominent part of the culture, awaited anxiously and attended by more than 3000 citizens of Karachi as well as people from other cities.[28]

Aside from regular performances by the nation's biggest musical stars, Karachi also boasts one of the biggest underground music scenes in the country, where traditional musical influences blend with modern, Western style to create fusion music. Many of the nation's emerging musicians have based themselves in Karachi. Many of the nation's musical acts can be found in cafes, restaurants, and concerts across Karachi, especially in the city's upper middle class and upper class areas.

The National Arts Council (Koocha-e-Saqafat) also has musical performances and mushairas. Karachi has a few museums, the Mohatta Palace Museum and National Museum of Pakistan, that regularly have exhibitions related to performance arts. Karachi is also home to the annual Kara Film Festival, which is one of the biggest film festivals in Pakistan and showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries.

Galleries and fine art exhibitions

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Karachi is home to the Clifton Art Gallery and Koel Gallery.[29] The Calligraphy Artist Bin Qulander exhibited his work entitled "God in the details".[30]

Education

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Main article: Education in Karachi

Cuisine

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Chicken Biryani
Main article: Cuisine of Pakistan

Meat, mainly beef and mutton, plays a dominant role in Karachi food. Curries, pulses like lentils called dal, are primarily featured in the town's local dishes. Dishes made with rice include pullao and biryani. Different kinds of breads include Chapati, Naan, Tandoor bread, Paratha and Puri. Sindhi biryani is also very common in the city.

Festivals

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Teen Talwar decorated with traditional ajrak on Sindh Cultural Day
Sindhi Cultural Day 2016

Many religious and cultural festivities are observed across the city. Religious events such as Ramadan, Chaand Raat, Eid, Milad un Nabi, and Ashura are commonly celebrated. Shopping reaches its peak during the Eid season, as not only established businesses come in, but vendors from all over the country come to the city to sell their goods to the city's large population, a majority of which is middle class and relatively well-off compared to most other parts of the country. Many rallies and parades are carried out during the events of Milaad un Nabi, Ashura, Jashn-e-Baharan, and Nowruz by religious leaders and followers all across the city. Ethnic and religious minorities, like Christians, Hindus, or Ismailis, also celebrate their events, although not on as large a scale as Islamic events.

Independence Day on 14 August is an important event for all Karachiites. A national holiday is commenced all over the country on this date, as homes are decorated with flags and patriotic embellishments, and children sing patriotic songs known as milli naghmas. The festivity of this day is such that a small cottage industry has emerged in large cities, like Karachi, to supply the decoration demands of Independence Day. Although not as recognized as Independence Day, Defence Day is also passionately observed across the city on 6 September every year. Pakistan Day or Resolution Day is observed on 23 March every year.

The Sindh Cultural Day is celebrated in the city in the month of December every year since 2009. People wear traditional Sindhi topi and Ajrak and gather to play songs, dance, and attend watch artists perform.

National dress

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The national dress of Karachi is Shalwar Qameez (Urdu: شلوار قمیض), a traditional a garment worn by both women and men in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Shalwar are loose pajama-like trousers. The legs are wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. The Qameez is a long shirt or tunic. The side seams (known as the chaak) are left open below the waist for flexibility.

Ethnic communities

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Main articles: Demographics of Karachi, Ethnic groups in Karachi, and Muhajir culture

Karachi dwellers prefer to maintain their basic ethnic identity and lifestyles, and live together with their respective groups in their respective neighborhoods. For example, Kiamari is known for their Kutchi language and Kharadar is for Memons and Agha Khanis; similarly, Lyari is known for Baloch and Memons, Nazimabad and Liaquatabad for Muhajirs (Urdu speaking people), and Malir is known for Sindhi. The mentality has been reinforced as a result of serious clashes, which have taken place in the recent past among different ethnic groups in this city.

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Karachi has been sung about, notably the folk songs from in Sindhi marriages, called Sehra (سهرا) and Ladda (لاڏا ) such as:

آيلڙي مون ته سُئي وڃائي
ڪراچيءَ جي شهر مان مون سُئي گھُرائي

sung by Zarina Baloch and

ڪراچيءَ جي شهر مان منڊيون جوڙايم
سونا گل ڪراچيءَ جي موٽر ڀرجي آيا

In addition, Karachi is also known for the legend of Morirro Mirbahar, sung by Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai in his poetry. This legend has also been adapted into a Sindhi movie titled Ghatoo Ghar na Ayaa (Sindhi: گھاتُو گھر نه آيا).

Karachi jaa ddeeha' aee' raatioo (Sindhi: ڪراچيءَ جا ڏينهن ۽ راتيون, Days and Nights of Karachi) is a novel written by Muhammad Bux Johar.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ 1872-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included Karachi Municipality and Karachi Cantonment.[12]

    2017: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included the urban populations of Karachi Central District, Karachi East District, Karachi South District, Karachi West District, Malir District, and Korangi District.

References

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  1. ^ "Heritage Sites of Karachi". DAILY NEWS e-paper. Retrieved 20 December 2010.[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ Willium Wilson Hunter. "The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Volume 7)". Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  3. ^ "Heritage Sites of Karachi". Daily News e-paper. Retrieved 20 December 2010.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy (17 July 2009). "Karachi's Invisible Enemy". PBS. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  5. ^ "In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder". The National. 24 August 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  6. ^ "UN body, police baffled by minister's threat against Afghan refugees". Dawn Media Group. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  7. ^ [1] Archived 9 December 2012 at archive.today, thefridaytimes
  8. ^ "Religions in Pakistan". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  9. ^ Curtis, Lisa; Mullick, Haider (4 May 2009). "Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 31 July 2011
  10. ^ a b c "Religions: Islam 95%, other (includes Christian and Hindu, 2% Ahmadiyyah ) 5%". CIA. The World Factbook on Pakistan. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
  11. ^ # ^ International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore: "Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions?" by Rohan Bedi April 2006
  12. ^ a b India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 12, Sind". p. 22. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215545. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  13. ^ "Census of India, 1872. Census of the Bombay Presidency, taken on the 21. February 1872". 1872. p. 238. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057642. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  14. ^ "Census of India, 1881. Operations and results in the Presidency of Bombay, including Sind". 1881. p. 91. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057678. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  15. ^ Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891). "Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states". p. 48. JSTOR saoa.crl.25318666. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  16. ^ "Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables". 1901. p. 44. JSTOR saoa.crl.25352838. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  17. ^ India Census Commissioner (1901). "Census of India 1901. Vols. 9-11, Bombay". p. 38. JSTOR saoa.crl.25366895. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  18. ^ Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911). "Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables". Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. p. 23. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393779. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  19. ^ India Census Commissioner (1911). "Census of India 1911. Vol. 7, Bombay. Pt. 2, Imperial tables". p. 46. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393770. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  20. ^ "Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 25. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394121. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  21. ^ India Census Commissioner (1921). "Census of India 1921. Vol. 8, Bombay Presidency. Pt. 2, Tables : imperial and provincial". p. 46. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394131. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  22. ^ "Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables". 1931. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793234. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  23. ^ India Census Commissioner (1931). "Census of India 1931. Vol. 8, Bombay. Pt. 2, Statistical tables". p. 42. JSTOR saoa.crl.25797128. Archived from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  24. ^ "Final Results (Census-2017)". Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  25. ^ "KARACHI: Poetry collection launched". DAWN.COM. 29 April 2005. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  26. ^ "What was staple of Pakistan's literary scene in 2015? - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 2 January 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  27. ^ National Academy of Performing Arts. "Welcome to National Academy of Performing Arts". Retrieved 17 April 2006.
  28. ^ "History". The All Pakistan Music Conference. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007.
  29. ^ "Clifton Art Gallery Pakistan –Paintings & Master Collection". cliftonartgallery.com. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  30. ^ "44 artworks of Bin Qulander on display in Karachi - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 11 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
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